In our last Investing Basics article, we talked about bonds. Today we’ll discuss mutual funds. Later, we’ll look at options, futures, and short-term savings options.

What Is a Mutual Fund?

       A mutual fund is simply a portfolio of securities. Multiple investors go in together to provide the money needed to buy those securities. Then a professional fund manager chooses which securities the fund will invest in – often within a set of guidelines called the fund’s “objective”.

       Basically, mutual funds provide diversification at a low cost for investors. Many mutual funds own thousands of securities. It would be extremely expensive for an individual to own that many securities on their own. Transaction costs and higher prices (due to buying small quantities) make it impossible for all but the very richest of people to duplicate the massive number of securities in a mutual fund.

       When you buy a mutual fund, you’re buying an interest in the fund’s portfolio of securities. If you’re buying directly from the mutual fund company, you’ll pay a price that represents the actual value of the securities in the portfolio. If you buy from other investors, you might pay a higher or lower price than the actual value of the securities in the portfolio.

       If the securities in the portfolio provide dividends, capital gains, or interest, the mutual fund company will pass these along to you. However, mutual funds still cost money to maintain and operate. These expenses are covered by the assets in the mutual fund, so your total return will be lowered by these expenses. For this reason, it’s important to choose mutual funds that have low expenses.

What’s in a Mutual Fund?

       Mutual funds can hold just about any kind of security you can imagine. There are stock mutual funds, bond mutual funds, and mutual funds that invest in stocks and bonds. There are mutual funds that use options, those that invest in commodities, and even mutual funds that own other mutual funds. It would take several articles to go through all the different types of mutual funds available.

       For right now, you don’t need to know about every little detail of every single type of mutual fund available. What you need to remember is that mutual funds can be a cost-effective way for you to diversify your investments across thousands and thousands of securities. And that’s a good thing.

There’s Much More to Learn about Mutual Funds

       This is just the tip of the mutual fund iceberg. I haven’t explained net asset value (NAV), expense ratios, loads, turnover, 12b-1 fees, open-end funds, closed-end funds, and so much more. But those are things for the next level. If you want to keep learning about investing, make sure you sign up for free updates to Provident Planning!

       You’ve heard that you should be diversified, but do you know why? Diversification reduces your risk and your volatility. Here’s how.

Diversification Reduces Risk

       This aspect of diversification is simple. By spreading your portfolio out among several investments, you reduce the total amount committed to any one investment. If you evenly split your portfolio between 5 investments and one goes down the drain, you’ve still got your other 4 investments to fall back on. If you’d put everything in that one bad investment, you would have nothing left.

       In this sense, diversification is putting your eggs in different baskets. By not betting everything on one investment, you lessen the risk of losing everything all at once.

Diversification Reduces Volatility

       Volatility is that nasty stuff that makes your investments go up and down until you can’t stand it anymore. But you can reduce the volatility of your portfolio by diversifying among investments that don’t all move the same. (Technically, you would say you’re investing in assets that are not “correlated”. It’s possible to be very diversified without reducing volatility. We’ll assume that your diversified investments include assets that are not correlated.)

       When one investment goes up, another might be going down. Your portfolio will do something in between. An illustration can help you see how this works. We’ll use just two investments in our sample portfolios to keep this simple. If your investments move in the exact same way, diversification won’t help. This is because your investments are correlated. “Perfect correlation” looks like this:



       As you can see, investments A and B move in lock-step. When one goes up, so does the other. This means your portfolio will also move in exactly the same way. You haven’t reduced your volatility.

       The best scenario possible is that your investments are perfectly non-correlated. This means that one always goes up when the other goes down and vice versa. If your portfolio was invested in two investments like this, you’d get a constant return all the time. “Perfect non-correlation” looks like this:



       The only problem is you’ll never find a real investment C and D. Perfect non-correlation doesn’t exist in the real world. The best we can do is “non-correlation”. In this case, some investments generally move opposite of others (but not always) OR they generally move the same direction (but not always). Here’s what non-correlation looks like:



       An example of investments E and F might be stocks and bonds. Generally, they don’t move together but sometimes they do. A real-world portfolio is going to look something like the dotted line in that last chart. It’ll have some volatility, but not quite as much as its individual components. This is the goal of good diversification – spreading out risk while using assets that aren’t correlated.

Good Diversification Means Investing in Different Types of Assets

       As I pointed out before, you can be “diversified” but still not reduce your volatility. If you invest in ten different banks but the financial industry goes down, your portfolio is going to go down despite the fact that you’ve “diversified” your money by not putting it all in one stock.

       But if you want good diversification – the kind that reduces your volatility – then you need to invest in different kinds of assets. You’ll want stocks from different industries and different countries, large companies and small companies, growth stocks and value stocks. Then you’ll want assets that are different than stocks – real estate, bonds, commodities, etc. By mixing all of these together, you’ll have a portfolio that reduces your risk and your volatility at the same time.

       If you want to see what a diversified portfolio might look like, check out my free portfolio allocation calculator. It shows you how to split up your investments using Vanguard mutual funds (because that’s the cheapest, most effective way to get good diversification easily). Try it out!

       In our last Investing Basics article, we talked about stocks. Today we’ll talk about bonds. Later, we’ll look at mutual funds, options, futures, and short-term savings options.

What Is a Bond?

       As I explained in the post about securities, a bond represents debt. Bonds are long-term debt contracts issued by corporations and governments. The bondholder has a right to receive interest plus the return of the bond’s face value at maturity (when the bond is due). Face value just means the stated value of the bond.

       If you purchased a $1,000 bond paying 10% interest in semiannual payments, you’d get $50 every six months. When the bond matures, you’d get your $1,000 back.

Interest Rate Changes

       Investors can choose to buy or sell bonds before they mature. Depending on whether the current interest rate is higher or lower than the bond’s interest rate, investors will pay less than or more than face value. If the current interest rate is higher, investors would pay less than face value for a bond because they could get higher returns by purchasing new bonds. If the current interest rate is lower, investors would pay more than face value because they can’t get a higher return from new bonds.

       Changes in interest rates do not matter if you hold the bond to maturity because you’ll get the stated interest rate plus the face value back. You don’t care if interest rates change from month to month because you’ve already locked in your interest rate. And you don’t care if the current value of your bond changes from month to month because you’re going to keep your bond until it matures (and you get your money back). Changes in interest rates only matter when you might sell the bond before it matures. In this case, the value of a bond can increase or decrease similar to the way stock prices change. (However, changes in bond prices are directly tied to changes in interest rates.)

Risk

       Bonds are considered safer than stocks because you’re taking less risk. If a company liquidates or goes bankrupt, bondholders get paid back before stockholders because they have a contract with the company. Because they’re less risky, bonds have historically returned less than stocks over the long term.

Special Features

       A certain type of bond called a “convertible” bond lets you convert the bond into a specific number of stock shares if you choose. These bonds provide interest (although usually a lower rate than regular bonds) while giving you a chance to participate in the appreciation of the company’s stock.

       Finally, some bonds are “callable”. This simply means that the issuer can choose to repay the bond before it matures. This can be good or bad depending on your situation. There are several aspects to these bonds that we can’t cover here, so we’ll look at them later when we get into more advanced investing topics.

       In the next article, we’ll look at mutual funds. Make sure you sign up for free updates to Provident Planning if you want to learn more!